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Glucophage

Active Ingredient:
Metformin Hydrochloride
Origin:
EU

Glucophage (Metformin Hydrochloride)

Glucophage is a prescription oral medication containing the active ingredient metformin hydrochloride, presented in tablet form (strength and dosage form may vary) and marketed in the European Union. It belongs to the biguanide class of antidiabetic agents and works by decreasing hepatic glucose production, reducing intestinal glucose absorption, and enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity. Glucophage is commonly used to manage blood glucose levels in adults effectively.

Manufacturer / TM Owner

Merck Serono (Ireland) Limited

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Indications & Clinical Uses

Glucophage is indicated for several metabolic conditions where control of blood glucose is required.

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus as part of diet and exercise therapy.
  • Management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese.
  • Adjunct therapy for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to improve insulin resistance.
  • Off‑label use under medical supervision for gestational diabetes prevention in high‑risk women.
  • Combination therapy with other oral antidiabetics when monotherapy does not achieve glycemic targets.
  • Use in renal‑impairment adjusted dosing under physician guidance.

Side Effects

Glucophage may cause a range of adverse effects, most of which are mild and transient, while rare events can be serious.

Common

  • Nausea or upset stomach.
  • Diarrhea.
  • Abdominal discomfort or flatulence.
  • Metallic taste.
  • Decreased appetite.

Serious

  • Lactic acidosis (rare but life‑threatening).
  • Severe skin reactions such as Stevens‑Johnson syndrome.
  • Hepatotoxicity.

Precautions & Warnings

Before starting Glucophage, clinicians should evaluate several safety considerations to minimize risk.

  • Assess renal function; avoid use if eGFR is below the recommended threshold.
  • Review hepatic status; exercise caution in patients with liver disease.
  • Monitor for signs of lactic acidosis, especially after surgery or acute illness.
  • Use with caution in elderly patients due to higher risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.
  • Avoid excessive alcohol consumption, which can increase lactic acidosis risk.
  • Evaluate pregnancy and breastfeeding status; benefits must outweigh potential risks.

Avoid Interactions

Glucophage can interact with other medicines, affecting its efficacy or safety.

Avoid

  • Concomitant use with iodinated contrast agents (risk of renal impairment).
  • Co‑administration with potent CYP450 inhibitors such as cimetidine that may increase metformin levels.

Use with caution

  • Combined therapy with other antidiabetic agents (risk of hypoglycemia).
  • NSAIDs or diuretics that may affect renal function.
  • Alcohol consumption (increases lactic acidosis risk).

Frequently Asked Questions

Glucophage (metformin) reduces hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity, helping lower blood glucose levels.

In PCOS, Glucophage improves insulin resistance, which can lower androgen levels and help restore regular menstrual cycles and improve ovulation.

Glucophage can be taken with or without food, but taking it with meals may reduce gastrointestinal upset.

Baseline and periodic assessment of renal function, liver enzymes, and vitamin B12 levels are commonly recommended during Glucophage therapy.

Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious condition that can occur when metformin accumulates, especially in patients with impaired kidney function or severe hypoxia.

Glucophage should be used with caution in reduced renal function; dosing adjustments or discontinuation may be required based on eGFR values.

Alcohol can increase the risk of lactic acidosis; patients are advised to limit or avoid excessive alcohol while taking Glucophage.

Serious reactions include unexplained muscle pain, rapid breathing, stomach pain, dizziness, or a metallic taste accompanied by weakness, which may indicate lactic acidosis.

Glucophage can be combined with insulin under medical supervision, but the dose of insulin may need adjustment to avoid hypoglycemia.

Vitamin B12 levels are typically checked annually, or sooner if the patient develops neuropathy or anemia.

Published by

GNH India Pharmaceuticals Limited

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Last updated:

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