Ibuprofen Etos (Ibuprofen)

Ibuprofen acts systemically to reduce pain, fever and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

• Pain: relief of mild to moderate pain such as headache, dental pain, menstrual cramps, and musculoskeletal aches.
• Fever: reduction of elevated body temperature associated with infections or inflammatory conditions.
• Inflammation: mitigation of swelling and discomfort in conditions like arthritis or soft‑tissue injuries.

• Ibuprofen exerts its effect through non‑selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase‑1 (COX‑1) and cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) enzymes. By blocking these enzymes, the drug reduces the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are mediators of pain, fever, and inflammation. The decreased prostaglandin levels lead to diminished peripheral sensitisation and central pain signalling, as well as lowered hypothalamic temperature set‑point.

Adverse reactions may range from mild to severe and should be monitored during therapy.

Common Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort: nausea, dyspepsia, or mild abdominal pain.
• Headache: transient headache occurring shortly after dosing.
• Dizziness or vertigo: occasional sensation of light‑headedness.
• Skin rash: mild erythematous rash without systemic involvement.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer perforation.
• Acute renal impairment, especially in volume‑depleted patients.
• Severe hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis or Stevens‑Johnson syndrome.
• Hepatic dysfunction manifested by elevated transaminases.
• Cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction or stroke, particularly with high‑dose or prolonged use.

Before initiating ibuprofen therapy, consider the following safety measures.

• Assess gastrointestinal risk: evaluate history of ulcers or bleeding before use.
• Monitor renal function: avoid or adjust dose in patients with severe renal impairment.
• Check for hypersensitivity: discontinue if allergic reactions to ibuprofen or other NSAIDs occur.
• Use the lowest effective dose: limit duration to the shortest period necessary for symptom control.
• Pregnancy and lactation: consult a healthcare professional; safety data are limited.
• Store at ambient temperature: keep in the original container, protect from moisture and heat.

Ibuprofen can interact with several medication classes, requiring careful management.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin): increased risk of serious bleeding.
• Other NSAIDs or aspirin: additive gastrointestinal toxicity.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): heightened bleeding tendency.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• ACE inhibitors or ARBs: possible reduction in renal function, especially in dehydrated patients.
• Diuretics: may exacerbate renal impairment when combined with ibuprofen.