Kepin (Ketoprofen)

Ketoprofen is an NSAID that reduces inflammation and pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes.

• Mild to moderate pain: Provides analgesic relief for acute or chronic pain conditions.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Decreases joint inflammation and improves mobility.
• Osteoarthritis: Relieves chronic joint discomfort and stiffness.
• Musculoskeletal injuries: Reduces swelling and facilitates functional recovery.

• Ketoprofen exerts its effect by non‑selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase‑1 (COX‑1) and cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) enzymes, which blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis diminishes inflammation, pain signaling, and fever responses at the site of tissue injury.

Ketoprofen may cause a range of adverse reactions, varying from mild to severe.

Common Side Effects

• Injection site pain: Discomfort at the site of intramuscular administration.
• Nausea: Feeling of queasiness or upset stomach.
• Dyspepsia: Indigestion or upper abdominal discomfort.
• Headache: Mild to moderate head pain.
• Dizziness: Transient light‑headedness or vertigo.
• Rash: Mild skin erythema or itching.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Stevens‑Johnson syndrome: Severe skin and mucous membrane reaction.
• Gastrointestinal bleeding: Ulceration or hemorrhage in the GI tract.
• Renal impairment: Decreased kidney function or acute kidney injury.
• Hepatic dysfunction: Elevated liver enzymes or liver injury.
• Anaphylaxis: Life‑threatening allergic reaction.
• Cardiovascular thrombotic events: Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.

Before using Ketoprofen, certain safety considerations are recommended.

• Assess renal function: Evaluate kidney health, especially in patients with pre‑existing renal disease.
• Monitor gastrointestinal risk: Use with caution in individuals with a history of ulcers or GI bleeding.
• Avoid in known hypersensitivity: Do not administer to patients with documented allergy to ketoprofen or other NSAIDs.
• Use caution with anticoagulants: Increased bleeding risk when combined with warfarin or similar agents.
• Evaluate cardiovascular risk: Consider underlying heart disease before long‑term use.
• Store at ambient temperature: Keep in the original container, protect from moisture and light.

Ketoprofen can interact with several medicines, altering efficacy or safety.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Other NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen): Heightened risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin): Enhanced anticoagulant effect leading to bleeding.
• ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril): Potential reduction in renal function.
• Lithium: Increased lithium serum concentrations.
• Methotrexate: Reduced clearance, raising toxicity risk.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• Diuretics: May affect renal perfusion; monitor kidney parameters.
• Corticosteroids: Combined use raises gastrointestinal ulcer risk.
• SSRIs (e.g., sertraline): Slightly increased bleeding tendency.
• Beta‑blockers: Possible attenuation of antihypertensive effect.
• Cyclosporine: Added renal stress; observe renal function.