Ketokaps Max (Ketoprofen)

Ketoprofen is used to manage pain and inflammation in several musculoskeletal and rheumatic conditions.

• Osteoarthritis: reduces joint pain and improves functional mobility.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: alleviates inflammatory swelling and discomfort.
• Musculoskeletal pain: provides analgesic relief for strains, sprains and backache.

• Ketoprofen exerts its effect by non‑selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase‑1 (COX‑1) and cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) enzymes. This inhibition decreases the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, leading to reduced synthesis of inflammatory mediators and consequently less pain, fever, and swelling at the site of injury or disease.

Ketoprofen may cause a range of adverse reactions, from mild to serious.

Common Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort: nausea, dyspepsia or abdominal pain.
• Headache: mild to moderate intensity.
• Dizziness or vertigo.
• Skin rash or mild itching.
• Elevated liver enzymes.
• Fluid retention causing mild edema.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Severe hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens‑Johnson syndrome.
• Renal impairment or acute kidney injury.
• Hepatotoxicity with marked liver enzyme elevation.
• Cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction.
• Hematologic abnormalities like thrombocytopenia.

When prescribing Ketokaps Max, consider the following safety measures.

• Gastrointestinal risk: assess history of ulcers or bleeding before use.
• Renal function: monitor kidney parameters in patients with existing renal disease.
• Cardiovascular health: use cautiously in individuals with heart disease or hypertension.
• Pregnancy and lactation: avoid unless clearly indicated by a healthcare professional.
• Drug interactions: review concomitant medications for potential NSAID interactions.
• Store at ambient temperature: keep below 25°C in the original packaging, protect from moisture and direct sunlight.

Ketoprofen can interact with several drug classes, requiring careful management.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin): increased risk of serious bleeding.
• Other NSAIDs or COX‑2 inhibitors: heightened gastrointestinal toxicity.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): amplified bleeding tendency.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• ACE inhibitors or ARBs: possible reduction in renal function.
• Diuretics: may enhance nephrotoxic potential.
• Lithium: NSAIDs can raise lithium serum levels.
• Methotrexate: reduced clearance leading to toxicity.
• Corticosteroids: additive risk of gastrointestinal ulceration.