Metformina Pensa (Metformin Hydrochloride)

Metformina Pensa (metformin) is used in the management of disorders related to impaired glucose metabolism.

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus: lowers fasting and post‑prandial blood glucose levels.
• Prediabetes: delays progression to overt diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome: reduces insulin resistance and may help normalize menstrual cycles.

• Metformin exerts its antihyperglycaemic effect primarily by inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory‑chain complex I, which reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. The resulting decrease in hepatic glucose output, together with enhanced peripheral glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue via activation of AMP‑activated protein kinase, improves overall insulin sensitivity without stimulating insulin secretion. It also modestly lowers intestinal glucose absorption and may influence gut microbiota, contributing to its glycaemic benefits.

Metformina Pensa may be associated with a range of adverse reactions, which are classified by frequency.

Common Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal upset: nausea, abdominal discomfort, or flatulence.
• Diarrhea: loose stools, often transient.
• Metallic taste: transient alteration in taste perception.
• Weight loss: modest reduction in body weight.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Lactic acidosis: rare but potentially fatal accumulation of lactate.
• Severe hypoglycaemia: when combined with insulin or secretagogues.
• Hepatic failure: rare liver injury presenting with jaundice.

Metformina Pensa requires careful consideration of patient‑specific factors before use.

• Renal function: assess creatinine clearance before initiating therapy.
• Hepatic function: evaluate liver enzymes in patients with liver disease.
• Age: start with lower dose in elderly patients.
• Alcohol consumption: avoid excessive alcohol to reduce lactic acidosis risk.
• Concomitant drugs: monitor for interactions that may increase metformin levels.
• Store at below 25°C: keep in original packaging, protect from moisture.

Metformina Pensa can interact with several medicines; some require avoidance while others need monitoring.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Iodinated contrast agents: risk of acute renal failure and lactic acidosis.
• Cimetidine: may increase metformin plasma concentrations.
• Renal‑impairing drugs (e.g., NSAIDs): can precipitate metformin accumulation.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• Beta‑blockers: may mask hypoglycaemia symptoms.
• Diuretics: affect renal clearance of metformin.
• ACE inhibitors/ARBs: require monitoring of renal function and electrolytes.