Nurofen (Ibuprofen)

Ibuprofen acts on inflammatory pathways to provide symptomatic relief in several common conditions.

• Headache: reduces pain intensity and associated discomfort.
• Dental pain: alleviates post‑extraction or procedural soreness.
• Musculoskeletal pain: eases aches from strains, sprains and minor arthritis.
• Fever: lowers elevated body temperature in febrile states.
• Menstrual discomfort: diminishes cramps and associated pelvic pain.

• Ibuprofen inhibits cyclo‑oxygenase (COX‑1 and COX‑2) enzymes, decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins that mediate inflammation, pain and fever. This reduction in prostaglandin levels dampens peripheral sensitisation of nociceptors and lowers the hypothalamic set‑point for temperature regulation.

Adverse reactions may range from mild to severe and should be monitored during therapy.

Common Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort: nausea, dyspepsia or mild abdominal pain.
• Headache: transient headache unrelated to the treated condition.
• Dizziness: occasional light‑headedness or vertigo.
• Rash: mild skin erythema or itching.
• Elevated blood pressure: modest rise in systolic/diastolic values.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal bleeding: melena, hematemesis or severe abdominal pain.
• Renal impairment: sudden decrease in urine output or swelling.
• Hepatic injury: jaundice, dark urine or elevated liver enzymes.
• Severe allergic reaction: anaphylaxis, facial swelling or airway compromise.
• Stevens‑Stevenson‑Johnson syndrome: widespread skin blistering and mucosal involvement.

When using ibuprofen, consider the following safety measures:

• Assess medical history: identify any prior gastrointestinal ulcer, bleeding or renal disease.
• Evaluate cardiovascular risk: monitor patients with hypertension or heart disease.
• Review concomitant medications: avoid concurrent use with other NSAIDs or anticoagulants unless directed.
• Limit duration: use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period required.
• Pregnancy and lactation: consult a healthcare professional before use in pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
• Store below 25°C: keep in the original packaging, protect from moisture and direct sunlight.

Ibuprofen may interact with several drug classes, requiring careful management.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin): increased risk of serious bleeding.
• Selective COX‑2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib): additive renal and gastrointestinal toxicity.
• High‑dose aspirin aspirin: heightened gastrointestinal ulcer risk.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• ACE inhibitors or ARBs: possible reduction in antihypertensive effect and renal function.
• Diuretics (e.g., furosemide): may diminish diuretic efficacy and affect kidney function.
• Lithium: increased lithium serum levels and potential toxicity.
• Methotrexate: reduced renal clearance leading to higher methotrexate concentrations.
• Corticand