Oftacilox (Ciprofloxacin)

Ciprofloxacin is a broad‑spectrum antibacterial agent used in infections affecting several organ systems:

• Urinary tract infection: helps eradicate common uropathogens and relieve symptoms.
• Respiratory tract infection: targets bacteria that cause acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community‑acquired pneumonia.
• Skin and soft‑tissue infection: reduces bacterial load in cellulitis, wound infections and animal bites.
• Gastrointestinal infection: effective against bacterial causes of traveller’s diarrhoea and dysentery.
• Bone and joint infection: assists in treating osteomyelitis caused by susceptible organisms.

• Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription and repair. By stabilising the DNA‑enzyme complex, it prevents the resealing of DNA strands, leading to bacterial cell death. This bactericidal action is concentration‑dependent and effective against a wide range of Gram‑negative and some Gram‑positive organisms.

Ciprofloxacin may cause a range of adverse reactions, from mild to severe.

Common Side Effects

• Nausea: mild stomach upset that often resolves without treatment.
• Diarrhoea: loose stools that may be watery or contain mucus.
• Headache: transient head pain of varying intensity.
• Dizziness: sensation of light‑headedness or unsteadiness.
• Rash: mild skin redness or itching.

Serious or Rare Side Effects

• Tendon rupture: sudden pain or swelling, especially in the Achilles tendon.
• Peripheral neuropathy: tingling, numbness or burning sensations in extremities.
• QT prolongation: irregular heart rhythm detectable on ECG.
• Severe allergic reaction: swelling of face/lips, difficulty breathing, hives.
• Clostridioides difficile infection: persistent diarrhoea with abdominal cramping.

Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in specific clinical situations:

• Renal impairment: dose adjustment may be required based on kidney function.
• Hepatic impairment: monitor liver enzymes and adjust dose if necessary.
• History of tendon disorders: avoid use in patients with prior tendon injury.
• Concomitant QT‑prolonging drugs: monitor cardiac rhythm closely.
• Pregnancy and lactation: only prescribe if benefits outweigh potential risks.

Store at below 25°C: keep in the original container, protect from moisture and light.

Ciprofloxacin interacts with several medicines that can alter its efficacy or safety profile.

Major Interactions (Avoid)

• Antacids containing aluminium or magnesium: reduce ciprofloxacin absorption.
• Warfarin: may increase anticoagulant effect and bleeding risk.
• Theophylline: can raise plasma theophylline levels, leading to toxicity.

Moderate Interactions (Monitor Closely)

• Non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): may increase risk of central nervous system stimulation.
• Corticosteroids: combined use may heighten tendon‑rupture risk.
• Diabetic agents (e.g., insulin, sulfonylureas): monitor blood glucose as ciprofloxacin can affect glycaemic control.